Povilas Niaura (1919-2006): A Settled Settler, by Ann Tündern-Smith

Updated 2 January 2024. 

Povilas Niaura recovered enough from the terrors of the war in Lithuania and Germany to settle happily in Tasmania. Sent to work at Goliath Portland Cement Co Ltd in Railton, he stayed with the company for the remainder of his working days. The company lent him and other workers a brick-making machine to build their own homes, so clearly the company was one which looked after its employees when they were loyal in return.

Povilas reached Railton on 28 April 1948 with 19 others from the First Transport, the General Stuart Heintzelman, exactly 5 months after reaching Australia. The group contained 13 Lithuanians, 4 Latvians and 3 Estonians. They had been sent to Victoria to pick fruit first.

The addition of these 20 men to the workforce of the main local industry was so important that the town put on a gala welcome for them.

Povilas Niaura in 1947, aged 26

Source:  NAA, A2571, Niaura, Povilas

Goliath Portland Cement is the reason for the continued existence of the town of Railton, although this also is a service centre for the surrounding agricultural and forestry community. It is only 23 Km south of the city of Devonport, on Tasmania’s north coast. Goliath took over the smaller Tasmanian Cement Pty Ltd in 1928, leading to Railton’s prosperity.

The new arrivals were accommodated in what Ramunas Tarvydas calls ‘the single men’s camp’. He adds, ‘At first the accommodation was shared, but soon the company built new huts for all the men. The huts had timber framing and were clad in their own “fibro” sheets. Inside was a folding iron bed, mattress and a couple of blankets. The company gave the men timber to make their own furniture, but no tools; eventually they relented on that point.’

Sixteen of the 17 Latvians and Lithuanians are in this photo,
perhaps taken by the seventeenth;
Povilas is the tallest man standing on the right

Source: Tarvydas, From Amber Coast ...

Tarvydas continues, ‘At first most of the Balts worked either in the factory or in the quarry, where the pay was five shillings per week more but the work harder. One of the more hazardous jobs, in hindsight, was making the asbestos-cement products, although [researching in the mid-1990s] no Balt seems to have suffered any long-term effects.’

The Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC) has said that, ‘Goliath made everything from asbestos sheeting to a giant asbestos fairy penguin in its factory from 1947 to 1986’. Tarvydas adds that the company made ‘corrugated roofing, guttering, fascias, vats, etc.’

In the Railton district, Povilas met Margaret Jean, married and had two children, Stephen and Denise. Their cemetery plaques indicate that grandchildren too. Until 1948, the Niaura family name was not to be found in Tasmania. Now there are 8 adults in the family as well as great grandchildren.

Povilas, or Paul, the English equivalent of his Lithuanian name, worked for Goliath Cement for 36 years. He retired in 1984 at the age of 65. Despite attending English language lessons in the Bonegilla Camp and perhaps trying again with the lessons broadcast by the ABC, he never managed to read and write the language. 

This lack of fluent English limited his rise to more senior positions in the Company, but it did not stop it from trusting him to be sent to installation jobs.  They were a great improvement on his initial task, operating a jack hammer in the limestone quarry.

The most memorable of the roofing jobs was on a grandstand at the Melbourne Cricket Ground, in preparation for the 1956 Olympic Games.  There were times when he was away for weeks at a time, more often away than he was at home.

Son Stephen now has spent nearly as long with Goliath Cement as his father did. Stephen has clocked up 32 years. He now is a control room operator for the company, supervising from mining the limestone to the end products. His younger sister works with the Tasmanian Government-owned company which runs the ferries to and from Devenport in Tasmania, across Bass Strait to Geelong in Victoria.

One of the 6 grandchildren, Jason is a Pilates instructor and graphic designer, originally a hairdresser. Another, Bradley, is a former carpenter who is now regional manager of Fairbrother, a commercial and industrial construction, joinery and facilities management company operating in Tasmania and regional Victoria. The others are, respectively, James, another carpenter, Danielle, a school teacher, Katrina, a real estate agent and Rachel, a nurse. All contribute significantly to their local communities, to Tasmania and to Australia.

Paul was born to a farming family in Anykščiai, Lithuania, on 4 September 1919. His mother died when he was young so his father remarried. Along with Elžbieta (Elizabeth), his one full sister, he found himself living with something like 6 step-sisters and step-brothers.

Growing up on a farm, his skills were utilised by the Germans when they occupied Lithuania between the summers of 1941 and 1944. He was nearing 25 years old when the Soviet forces started their return. His oldest step-sister told him that he should run or else he would be shot by the Soviets. He took this advice. Like others exposed to a year of Communism under the Soviet rule in 1940-41, he would have wanted to get out. He could, as his food-production abilities would have led to the Germans to want to take him on their retreat.

He loved the farming life, so saved before marriage to buy 5 acres in Railton, where he built his house with Goliath’s brick-making machine. At first he rented out the house while continuing to live in the single men’s quarters. After he and Margaret Jean met and married, the 5 acres provided a semi-rural home for them and the two children.

The house that Paul built
with cement bricks courtesy of Goliath Portland Cement and its brick-making machine

Source: Stephen Niaura

The family had its own dairy cow and geese. Paul loved his geese. Regardless, they would be fattened and sold for the Christmas feasting of others. Every so often, the surplus milk could be churned into butter, which could be bartered for groceries at the local store. Paul’s son, Stephen, still keeps geese on the Railton land.

Stephen Niaura's geese

Source:  Stephen Niaura

The barn that Paul built to store feed for his animals on the 5 acres

Source: Stephen Niaura

Paul's cowshed, with the bail for milking the house cow on the left;
now a home for chickens

Source: Stephen Niaura

After the children were born, Paul still had enough money to buy 50 acres at Sunnyside, less than 10 minutes’ drive southeast of Railton. He raised beef cattle there, with help from Stephen when he was old enough.

Paul became an Australian citizen in August 1959.

When Lithuania’s impending independence became obvious again from the late 1980s, Paul wished that he could go back to see his remaining family. The question of cost arose, so he was urged to sell the 50 acres to raise the money. Having done this, however reluctantly, he spent some weeks in his homeland.

Before he returned to Australia, the family gathered to tell him that part of the land which had been restored to them by the Lithuanian Government was his. He assured them that he was handing it back to them to use as they saw fit.

Denise and her daughter have also been able to spend time in Lithuania visiting relatives. Neither had learnt much of Paul’s language from him, but they stayed with a great nephew of Paul’s, a Lithuanian who spoke English, having visited the United States and United Kingdom.

The house Paul built in Railton is still in the family though the 5 acres decreased when some had to be sold to pay for the cost of connecting to the town’s new sewerage system.

Paul Niaura in December 1997, at a reunion of Tasmanian 'First Swallows',
the name Lithuanian passengers from the First Transport gave themselves

Source: Hobart Mercury, 2 December 1997

If Paul had developed any signs of mesothelioma from his work with asbestos, it would have cut short what became an extremely long life. He was 87 years old when he died on 18 November 2006. He was buried in the Mersey Vale Memorial Park in Quoiba, a southern suburb of Devonport.

Grave Marker for Paul Niaura

Source: FindAGrave.com

Paul’s early plans to buy land for farming led to Aussie drinking mates christening him ‘Cocky’. The School of Literature, Languages and Linguistics at the Australian National University thinks that this nickname arose in the 1870s, as an abbreviation of cockatoo farmer. Back then, it was a disparaging term for small-scale farmers, probably because of a habit of using a small area of land for a short time and then moving on, like cockatoos feeding.

‘Cocky’ stuck with Paul to his memorial plaque. This features his geese, though, looking especially pampered, rather than cockatoos. The Cocky nickname has transferred to his son Stephen, who initially was ‘Cocky Junior’.

Margaret Jean lies besides him. She was only 73 years old when she died less than 3 years after him. This means that there was a 16-year age gap when she married the tall (5 feet 10 inches or 178 cm on one form and 6 feet 1 inch or 185 on another) and handsome foreigner in the 1950s.

Grave marker for Margaret Niaura

Source: FindAGrave.com

I thank Stephen and Denise Niaura for their assistance with this biography.

Sources

Australian Broadcasting Commission, ‘New factory owner managing asbestos tragedy’, ABC News, 8-12 May 2010, https://www.abc.net.au/news/2010-05-08/new-factory-owner-managing-asbestos-tragedy/427088, accessed 21 January 2023.

‘Certificates of Naturalization’, Commonwealth of Australia Gazette, 26 November 1959, p 4167, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article240887808, accessed through Trove, 20 March 2023.

'Fairbrother', https://www.fairbrother.com.au/, accessed 2 January 2024.

'Meanings and origins of Australian words and idioms, C', School of Literature, Languages and Linguistics, ANU College of Arts & Social Sciences, https://slll.cass.anu.edu.au/centres/andc/meanings-origins/c#:~:text=Cocky, accessed 2 April 2023.

National Archives of Australia: Migrant Reception and Training Centre, Bonegilla; A2571, Name Index Cards, Migrants Registration [Bonegilla], 1947-1956; NIAURA, Povilas : Year of Birth - 1919 : Nationality - LITHUANIAN : Travelled per - GEN. HEINTZELMAN : Number – 795, https://recordsearch.naa.gov.au/SearchNRetrieve/Interface/ViewImage.aspx?B=203689468, accessed 2 April 2023.

National Archives of Australia: Department of Immigration, Tasmanian Branch; P1184, Registration papers for non-British migrants, lexicographical series, 1949 - circa 1966; Niaura P, https://recordsearch.naa.gov.au/SearchNRetrieve/Interface/ViewImage.aspx?B=1777815, accessed 2 April 2023.

Niaura, Denise, personal communications, March 2023.

Niaura, Stephen, personal communications, February-March 2023 and January 2024.

‘Paul “Cocky” Niaura’, Find a Grave, https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/234461136/paul-niaura/photo, accessed 2 January 2024.

‘People whose last name is NIAURA’, LocateFamily.com, https://www.locatefamily.com/N/NIA/NIAURA-1.html, accessed 21 January 2023.

‘Railton: Quiet country town south of Devonport’, Sydney Morning Herald, 8 February 2004, https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/railton-20040208-gdkqow.html, accessed 21 January 2023.

Rimon, Wendy, ‘Goliath Cement’ in The Companion to Tasmanian History, 2006, https://www.utas.edu.au/library/companion_to_tasmanian_history/G/Goliath%20Cement.htm, accessed 21 January 2023.

Tarvydas, Ramunas, From Amber Coast to Apple Isle: Fifty Years of Baltic Immigrants in Tasmania 1948-1998, Baltic Semicentennial Commemoration Activities Organising Committee, Hobart, pp 46-8.

Whitfield, Meg, ‘Railton firie recognised for more than 30 years service’, The Advocate, (Burnie, Tasmania), 25 May 2021. Also https://www.theadvocate.com.au/story/7266622/railton-firie-recognised-for-more-than-30-years-service/?cs=3674, accessed 26 February 2023.

Wikipedia, ‘Lithuania Independence Restoration Day’, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania_Independence_Restoration_Day, accessed 27 February 2023.

Endrius Jankus (1929-2014): From Sea Scout to Mining Engineer by Ann Tündern-Smith

Updated 30 April 2024 and 11 April 2023

The most recent 7 entries in this blog were Endrius Jankus' recollections of his arrival in Port Melbourne and his stay at the Bonegilla Migrant Reception and Training Centre.  Now let's find out more about the author himself, starting with his important grandfather.

Martynas Jankus (1858 – 1946) was known, even in his lifetime, as ‘the Patriarch of Lithuania Minor’. This was a part of Prussia with a Lithuanian-majority population. From 1871 it had been part of a unified Germany. On the Baltic Sea, with Lithuania to the north and east and modern Poland to the south, it included what is now Russia’s Kaliningrad enclave.* 

Self-educated after primary school, Martynas became a printer of Lithuanian-language books, often their first publisher. He was one of the publishers of Aušra (Dawn), the first Lithuanian-language newspaper, and a number of other periodicals. As one of 24 signatories of the 1918 Act of Tilsit, he demanded the unification of Lithuania Minor with the rest of Lithuania, which led to the persecution of some signatories when Nazi Germany invaded during WWII. He was a member of the State Council of Lithuania, the law-making body between 1928 and 1940.**

Martynas Jankus in the United States, 1926

Source:  Wikipedia

During the Nazi occupation, Martynas was banned from giving public speeches. In 1944, he was forced to evacuate to Germany by the Nazis. He died in Flensburg, northern Germany, one year after the end of WWII. He had told his oldest daughter that he wanted to be cremated so that his ashes could be returned to his homeland after independence.

This major figure in the development of modern Lithuania was the grandfather of one of the First Transporters, Endrius Jankus. Born in Draverna, Lithuania, on 7 July 1929, to Martinas (sometimes also known as Martynas, like his father) and Ane Jankus, Endrius was the youngest of three children. He knew his grandfather well, having grown up in the village of Bitėnai, where his grandfather had his printing press.

After the Soviet Army invaded Lithuania in June 1940, Endrius’ father was fired from his job. Learning that the family had been on a list for deportation to Siberia, they left by train for the comparative safety of Germany ahead of the second Soviet invasion in 1944.

The older Martynas and his family had experienced deportation to Siberia already, after Tsarist Russia occupied their part of Lithuania in 1914. It was there that Martynas’ father, Endrius’ great grandfather, and Martynas' youngest son, Andrius, Endrius’ uncle, had died.

In Germany, the family found refuge in the Flensburg Displaced Persons camp, where the Patriarch of Lithuania Minor died in 1946. Flensburg was in the British Zone of Occupation, meaning that daily life there was much tougher there than in the American Zone: the British were suffering post-War privations at home too. As a young man living in these harsh conditions, Endrius saw the need to seek further refuge in a country where life seemed more certain. He applied to move to Australia as soon as the opportunity came up.

Endrius in the uniform of a Lithuanian Sea Scout on 10 September 1947,
in Flensburg, one month before the opportunity to migrate to Australia came

Source: limis.lt

At the age of 18, he set out for Australia alone from Germany, one year after his grandfather’s death. By then, he had completed his secondary education at a gymnasium or high school for Lithuanians in Germany.***

There is more detail of his early life in Lithuania in a couple of online obituaries, at Voruta.lt and Silaine.lt (both in Lithuanian). The Voruta tribute is wrong, however, in declaring that with Endrius’ death, the male line of Martynas’ family had ended forever. While Endrius' son, Martin, sadly had predeceased him in 2008 at the early age of 44, Martin had a son who is a member of the Facebook community of Heintzelman family members and friends.

Endrius kept a diary of his journey, from at least the day of arrival in Port Melbourne on the Kanimbla, 7 December 1947, until he was sent to work in Tasmania on 18 March 1948. He used this diary as the basis for writing a memoir of the period, which he sent to me in 2012. Due to its length, I have split it into the 7 entries immediately preceding this one in this blog. It gives an insight into life in Bonegilla, particularly for the Lithuanian men who were half the passengers on the Heintzelman and Kanimbla, which I have yet to find elsewhere. 

He stayed in the Bonegilla Migrant Reception and Training Centre for more than 6 weeks until sent with a group to pick pears in an orchard at Ardmona in Victoria. The fruit-picking experience lasted a bit over 6 weeks. The group then returned to the Bonegilla camp for their next work assignment.

The 'Bonegilla card' for Endrius shows his father still in Flensburg and
Endrius' early employment in Australia

Source:  NAA

Endrius’ ‘Bonegilla card’ records this as more fruit picking in Tasmania from 18 March, 5 days after the return to Bonegilla. He stayed there for a short time only, since his own record of his residence outside Bonegilla on his application for Australian citizenship records the first place as Railton, Tasmania, from 23 March. Railton was the home of the Goliath Portland Cement Company, where Endrius had been sent to work, probably as soon as the fruit picking finished.****

He was at Railton for more than 11 months. The application for citizenship lists further addresses: Melbourne, Victoria, next for more than 5 months; back to Tasmania, Hobart this time, for the next two months; then Storey’s Creek from October 1949 to October 1950. There he worked for the Storey’s Creek Tin Mining Co (NL).  By the time he completed his application for citizenship in January 1953, he was living in Hobart and had been working for the Hydro-Electric Commission in Moonah as a 'diesel engineer' for 10 months.  When I visited him and his wife in September 2009, he was living out of Hobart with a beautiful River Derwent view, at Sandford.

An earlier Declaration of Intention to Apply for Citizenship was signed on 29 December 1949, a little over two years after Endrius’ arrival in Australia but three years before he would become eligible. He stated a motivation for applying so early. ‘I would like to visit my auntie in England who is my only relative living in 1953/54 for 5 months.’  This would have been stretching the truth a bit.  His parents may still have been alive and his older sister, Ieva (1924–2014), definitely was.  The statement was repeated in similar words on the January 1953 application.

In the end, his grant of citizenship was notified in a Commonwealth Government Gazette dated 16 July 1953. His receipt of his citizenship certificate was an occasion of great rejoicing, since it was part of a celebration of the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II and the opening of Tasmania’s Pine Tier Dam. The whole event merited nearly half a page of reporting and photography in the Hobart Mercury newspaper of 3 June 1953.

Endrius was next in the news some 15 years later when the Good Neighbour, a monthly newsletter from the Department of Immigration, headlined his story, ‘Former Lithuanian set task of moving half an island’. At this stage, he was known as Christopher, based on his middle name, Kristups. He was running his own excavation company, employing 12 men. Its name, Explosives Engineering, is still in use by a Tasmanian company but whether this is the firm founded by Endrius is an open question.

'Christopher' Jankus at work, 1968

Source:  NAA

The Good Neighbour reported that he had worked on the Trevallyn power station, the Butlers Gorge power scheme and the Wayatinah power station, all in Tasmania, and the Snowy Mountains hydroelectric scheme in New South Wales. Overseas, he had been involved in Niagara Falls power stations in Canada and construction of early warning radar stations in Alaska.

As for the half of an island he was to move, it blocked the mouth of the Tamar River to larger ships which otherwise could use the Bell Bay wharves in Launceston. Garden Island was 10 acres in size: Endrius’ task was to move 5 acres from the eastern side for land reclamation on the western side.

While single at the time of his citizenship ceremony, he advised the Good Neighbour that, “My travelling days are over. The family is keeping a pretty tight rein on me.” He had married Rosemary and they had three children, Linda, Martin and Maryanne.

A 1996 family portrait:  front row (L-R) Endrius, daughter Maryanne with her daughter, Megan, wife Rosemary; back row (L-R) son Martin with his wife, Kelly,
and daughter Linda with her husband, Steven.

Source:  Voruta, 30 August 2014, No. 12 (802)

The obituaries record that he had gone to Perth to study mining engineering at the Perth Institute of Technology (School of Mines). It seems more likely that he attended the West Australian School of Mines in Kalgoorlie. As Boas notes, this was somewhat in contrast with maritime aspects of his life in Lithuania, like the Sea Scouts. His experiences in helping to mine limestone and tin in Tasmania must have sparked a continuing interest.

According to Boas, Endrius Jankus did leave Australia in 1953, after he received citizenship and an Australian passport. She says that he stated, in answering a questionnaire, he was ‘disillusioned with his situation after the completion of his contract’. Even though the Australian Government thought of him as one of its citizens, ‘We were classed (as) stateless, the perpetual refugees of the world’. She doesn’t record what made him change his mind, but it could be that the UK and Europe in 1953 were even less appealing than Australia. He certainly made a success of himself after his return.

Having re-settled in Tasmania and started a family, he is reported to have said: ‘I didn't instil love for Lithuania in my children, I didn't want them, like me, to be heartbroken over the lost homeland.’ He himself followed events in Lithuania and was more than delighted with the restoration of an independent Lithuanian state in 1991.

As a former Sea Scout, he continued to be active in the Australian Lithuanian community. He wrote historical and polemical articles for Australian and American newspapers, some in English. He financially supported publications about Lithuania Minor and was a patron of the Lithuania Minor Foundation, which promoted his grandfather’s ideas.

Endrius or Andrew Jankus later in life
Source:  Voruta.lt

Martynas Jankus’ wish that his ashes could be buried in a free Bitėnai was overseen by his grandson and the grandson’s sister, Ieva, on 30 May 1993. Endrius visited his birthplace once again, in 1998. Captions in the Voruta tribute imply that he visited also in 1992 and 1994. He believed, along with other Lithuanians, that ‘my homeland is always in me’.

At the burial for Martynas Jankus' ashes in Bitėnai on 30 May 1993 are, left to right,
Algirdas Šarauskas (son of Juozas Šarauskas, chief scout leader of the interwar Lithuanian Scout Union), Endrius Jankus, Laimutė Šarauskaitė (daughter of Juozas Šarauskas)
and Endrius' older sister, Ieva

Source:  Europeana.eu

Endrius died in the Royal Hobart Hospital on 23 July 2014. His remains were cremated also so that he could be buried in the Bitėnai cemetery with members of his family.

Footnote

Ramunas Tarvydas' 1997 book, From Amber Coast to Apple Isle, has an explanation of those 5 months and 2 weeks in Melbourne.  On page 32, he writes:

' ... problems arose with the men of the First Transport in regard to the length of their period of contract.  They claimed that in Germany they had signed on for one year only.  If the authorities had changed it to two years while they were on the high seas, the men said that they were not bound by such a change.

'Consequently, after working for a year at Railton, Viknius, Kalytis, Jankus, Vilutis and Stasiukynas decided to leave, despite the wishes of management and the admonitions of the government employment officers from Devonport.  They soon found work in various parts of Melbourne, but were contacted by the Immigration Department, who threatened the five with deportation to Germany if they did not return to Tasmania.  Andrew received the following letter:

'COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA

DEPARTMENT OF IMMIGRATION,

455 COLLINS STREET,

MELBOURNE, C.1.

1st July 1949

'Dear Sir,

        You are directed to return to Tasmania and report to the Commonwealth Employment Officer within seven (7) days.

        You are reminded of your obligations to only accept employment as directed.

        Failure to obey this instruction will be viewed seriously and action will be taken for your deportation.

                                                                Yours faithfully,

                                                                         (signed) J Raftis

                                                                         for Commonwealth Migration Officer

'Andrew went to see the immigration authorities in Melbourne, and argued his case.  The officer became annoyed and threatened Andrew with the infamous Foreign Language Reading Test; the test could be in any language, so that if the authorities really wanted to deport Andrew and his accomplices, they could have given him a test in Mandarin or any other language "foreign" to him!

'Jankus and Viknius returned to Tasmania, but were not sent back to Railton.'             

I thank Jonas Mockunas and Daina Pocius 

for their assistance in the preparation of this article.

 

Footnotes

* More on Lithuania Minor can be found at https://www.draugas.org/news/lithuanian-minor-cradle-of-lithuanian-culture/.  

** The Lithuanian National Museum of Art, ‘Lithuanian Integral Museum Information System Virtual Exhibitions: Homeland is Always in Me’, https://www.limis.lt/en/virtualios-parodos/-/virtualExhibitions/view/151059, accessed 2 May 2021; Wikipedia, ‘Martynas Jankus’, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martynas_Jankus, accessed 1 May 2023. There is a short video of a Kaunas monument to Martynas Janus at https://depositphotos.com/video/monument-of-martynas-jankus-kaunas-lithuania-martynas-jankus-or-martin-jankus-was-prussian-lithuanian-printer-128457826.html accessed 30 April 2024.

*** See here for more information on the education system which the Lithuanian Displaced Persons set up in Germany.

**** We know from Erika Boas that the place in Tasmania where Endrius picked fruit was Huonville and can guess that he was helping to harvest an apple crop. Background to the Goliath Portland Cement Company at Railton, Tasmania can be found here.

Sources

Boas, Erika, ‘Leading Dual Lives’, Lithuanian Displaced Persons in Tasmania, BA (Hons) thesis, University of Tasmania, 1999, https://eprints.utas.edu.au/7913/, accessed 12 January 2023.

‘Bronte Park Town of Pageantry in Tasmania's Most Colourful Coronation Rejoicing’, Mercury, Hobart, 3 June 1953, p 9, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article27149957, accessed 16 January 2023.

'Certificates of Naturalization', Commonwealth of Australia Gazette, 16 July 1953, p 1977, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article232810367, accessed 16 January 2023.

‘Former Lithuanian set task of moving half an island’, Good Neighbour, 1 November 1968, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17653211, accessed 16 January 2023.

'Jankuviene Ane Kerkujyte', Fragebogen für DP, Arolsen Archives, Doc ID 79220657, https://collections.arolsen-archives.org/en/document/79220657

Kernius, Vytas, 'Lithuania Minor, Cradle of Lithuanian Culture', Draugas News: Lithuanian World Wide News in English, 15 March 1995, https://www.draugas.org/news/lithuanian-minor-cradle-of-lithuanian-culture/ accessed on 16 January 2023.

Lithuanian Integral Museum Information System (LIMIS), Virtual Exhibitions, Exhibition ‘Homeland is Always in Me’, https://www.limis.lt/en/virtualios-parodos/-/virtualExhibitions/view/151059, accessed 16 January 2023.

Lithuanian Integral Museum Information System (LIMIS), Virtual Exhibitions, Exhibition ‘Ieva Jankutė – daugther (sic) of Minor Lithuania’, https://www.limis.lt/en/virtualios-parodos/-/virtualExhibitions/view/21689455, accessed 13 January 2023.

'Mirė Martyno Jankaus vaikaitis Endrius Jankus’, 20 August 2014, Šilainės sodas, https://silaine.lt/kulturos-naujienos/mire-martyno-jankaus-vaikaitis-endrius-jankus/, accessed 16 January 2023.

National Archives of Australia: Department of Immigration, Central Office; A11772, Migrant Selection Documents for Displaced Persons who travelled to Australia per General Stuart Heintzelman departing Bremerhaven 30 October 1947; 380, JANKUS Endrius DOB 7 July 1929.  https://recordsearch.naa.gov.au/SearchNRetrieve/Interface/ViewImage.aspx?B=5005677, accessed 5 March 2023.

National Archives of Australia: Department of Immigration, Tasmanian Branch; P2836, Tasmanian Naturalisation, Citizenship and Alien records; JANKUS E, JANKUS, Endrius - application for naturalisation [arrived Fremantle per GENERAL STUART HEINTZELMAN, 28 November 1947].  https://recordsearch.naa.gov.au/SearchNRetrieve/Interface/ViewImage.aspx?B=9593711, accessed 5 March 2023.

National Archives of Australia: Migrant Reception and Training Centre, Bonegilla; A2571: Name Index Cards, Migrants Registration; JANKUS E, JANKUS, Endrius: Year of Birth - 1929: Nationality - LITHUANIAN: Travelled per - GEN. HEINTZELMAN: Number – 765.  https://recordsearch.naa.gov.au/SearchNRetrieve/Interface/ViewImage.aspx?B=203627501, accessed 5 March 2023.

National Archives of Australia: Department of Immigration, Central Office; A12111, Immigration Photographic Archive 1946 – Today; 1/1968/16/158, Immigration - Migrants in employment - Civil Engineering - half an island in Tamar River moved - Lithuanian migrant, Christopher Jankus.  https://recordsearch.naa.gov.au/SearchNRetrieve/Interface/ViewImage.aspx?B=7456662, accessed 5 March 2023.

National Archives of Estonia, National Archives of Latvia, Martynas Mažvydas National Library of Lithuania, Lituanica Department, ‘Education’, Camps in Germany (1944-1951) for refugees from Baltic countries, 2014, http://www.archiv.org.lv/baltic_dp_germany/index.php?lang=en&id=419, accessed 16 January 2023.

Rimon, Wendy, ‘Goliath Cement’, The companion to Tasmanian history, https://www.utas.edu.au/library/companion_to_tasmanian_history/G/Goliath%20Cement.htm, accessed 16 January 2023.

Skipitienė, Giedrė, 'Mirė Endrius Kristupas Jankus’, Voruta, Trakai, Lithuania, 30 August 2014, No. 12 (802).

Skipitienė, Giedrė, ‘Mirė Endrius Kristupas Jankus’, Voruta.lt, https://www.voruta.lt/mire-endrius-kristupas-jankus/, accessed 1 May 2021.

Tarvydas, Ramunas, From Amber Coast to Apple Isle:  Fifty years of Baltic immigration in Tasmania, 1948–1958, Hobart, Tasmania, Baltic Semicentennial Commemoration Activities Organising Committee, 1997.

Wikipedia, ‘Martynas Jankus’, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martynas_Jankus, accessed 1 May 2021.